ERC20Votes
ERC20Votes 是什么?
ERC20Votes 是一个扩展了标准 ERC20 代币功能的合约接口,它包含了投票功能。这个接口是在 ERC20 标准之上实现的,使得代币持有者可以参与到基于他们持有代币数量的治理决策中去。这种类型的代币通常被用于去中心化自治组织(DAO)和其他需要代币投票机制的场景。
ERC20Votes 通常包括以下功能:
-
投票权重:代币持有者的投票权重通常与其持有的代币数量成正比。
-
委托投票:代币持有者可以选择将他们的投票权委托给另一个地址,这样,委托人就可以代表他们投票。
-
历史投票记录:
ERC20Votes合约能够追踪每个地址在过去的投票权重,这对于实现某些投票机制是必要的,比如快照投票或者基于区块高度的投票权重。 -
投票快照:在某些治理机制中,投票权可能会在特定区块的快照基础上计算,这意味着即使后来代币被转移,投票权也保持不变。
-
治理提案:
ERC20Votes可能会与治理合约交互,允许代币持有者对提案进行投票。 -
透明度和审计:由于所有的投票活动都记录在区块链上,它们是完全透明的,可以被任何人审计。
ERC20Votes 扩展了 ERC20 代币的功能,将治理特性纳入了代币的设计之中。这使得代币不仅仅是价值的载体,还成为了参与项目决策的一种方式。这样的设计对于那些希望通过社区参与来分散决策权力的项目来说是非常有用的。
ERC20Votes
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC20/extensions/ERC20Votes.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
import {ERC20} from "../ERC20.sol";
import {Votes} from "../../../governance/utils/Votes.sol";
import {Checkpoints} from "../../../utils/structs/Checkpoints.sol";
/**
* @dev Extension of ERC-20 to support Compound-like voting and delegation. This version is more generic than Compound's,
* and supports token supply up to 2^208^ - 1, while COMP is limited to 2^96^ - 1.
*
* NOTE: This contract does not provide interface compatibility with Compound's COMP token.
*
* This extension keeps a history (checkpoints) of each account's vote power. Vote power can be delegated either
* by calling the {delegate} function directly, or by providing a signature to be used with {delegateBySig}. Voting
* power can be queried through the public accessors {getVotes} and {getPastVotes}.
*
* By default, token balance does not account for voting power. This makes transfers cheaper. The downside is that it
* requires users to delegate to themselves in order to activate checkpoints and have their voting power tracked.
*/
abstract contract ERC20Votes is ERC20, Votes {
/**
* @dev Total supply cap has been exceeded, introducing a risk of votes overflowing.
*/
error ERC20ExceededSafeSupply(uint256 increasedSupply, uint256 cap);
/**
* @dev Maximum token supply. Defaults to `type(uint208).max` (2^208^ - 1).
*
* This maximum is enforced in {_update}. It limits the total supply of the token, which is otherwise a uint256,
* so that checkpoints can be stored in the Trace208 structure used by {{Votes}}. Increasing this value will not
* remove the underlying limitation, and will cause {_update} to fail because of a math overflow in
* {_transferVotingUnits}. An override could be used to further restrict the total supply (to a lower value) if
* additional logic requires it. When resolving override conflicts on this function, the minimum should be
* returned.
*/
function _maxSupply() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
return type(uint208).max;
}
/**
* @dev Move voting power when tokens are transferred.
*
* Emits a {IVotes-DelegateVotesChanged} event.
*/
function _update(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal virtual override {
super._update(from, to, value);
if (from == address(0)) {
uint256 supply = totalSupply();
uint256 cap = _maxSupply();
if (supply > cap) {
revert ERC20ExceededSafeSupply(supply, cap);
}
}
_transferVotingUnits(from, to, value);
}
/**
* @dev Returns the voting units of an `account`.
*
* WARNING: Overriding this function may compromise the internal vote accounting.
* `ERC20Votes` assumes tokens map to voting units 1:1 and this is not easy to change.
*/
function _getVotingUnits(address account) internal view virtual override returns (uint256) {
return balanceOf(account);
}
/**
* @dev Get number of checkpoints for `account`.
*/
function numCheckpoints(address account) public view virtual returns (uint32) {
return _numCheckpoints(account);
}
/**
* @dev Get the `pos`-th checkpoint for `account`.
*/
function checkpoints(address account, uint32 pos) public view virtual returns (Checkpoints.Checkpoint208 memory) {
return _checkpoints(account, pos);
}
}
快照投票或者基于区块高度的投票权重是什么意思?
快照投票(Snapshot Voting)和基于区块高度的投票权重是区块链治理中用来确定投票权的两种机制。
快照投票
快照投票指的是在投票开始时,系统会记录一个代币持有情况的“快照”。这个快照固定了在特定时间点上每个账户持有的代币数量。即使在投票过程中代币的实际持有情况发生了变化,投票权重也不会受到影响,因为投票权重是根据快照时的代币数量来决定的。
快照投票的优点是它可以防止在投票期间发生的操纵行为,例如,某人在投票期间临时买入大量代币以增加自己的投票权重,然后在投票结束后再卖出这些代币。
基于区块高度的投票权重
基于区块高度的投票权重意味着 投票权重是在特定的区块高度确定的。在区块链中,每个区块都有一个唯一的序号,称为区块高度。通过指定一个特定的区块高度,可以确定在那个特定区块时账户中有多少代币,从而确定投票权重。
这种方式允许投票系统引用一个不可变的历史状态,确保即使在投票期间发生交易,也不会影响到已经确定的投票权重。
实施机制
在智能合约中实施这些机制通常涉及到记录检查点(Checkpoints)。检查点是账户在特定时间或区块高度的代币余额快照。ERC20Votes 合约通过内部方法来记录这些检查点,以便在计算投票权重时可以引用这些历史数据。这样,无论代币在未来如何流动,都可以根据过去的状态来确定投票权重。
在上面提供的代码段中,checkpoints 函数可以用来查询特定账户在某个检查点的代币余额,这就是实现基于历史数据投票权重计算的基础。
Vote.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (governance/utils/Votes.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
import {IERC5805} from "../../interfaces/IERC5805.sol";
import {Context} from "../../utils/Context.sol";
import {Nonces} from "../../utils/Nonces.sol";
import {EIP712} from "../../utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol";
import {Checkpoints} from "../../utils/structs/Checkpoints.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "../../utils/math/SafeCast.sol";
import {ECDSA} from "../../utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol";
import {Time} from "../../utils/types/Time.sol";
/**
* @dev This is a base abstract contract that tracks voting units, which are a measure of voting power that can be
* transferred, and provides a system of vote delegation, where an account can delegate its voting units to a sort of
* "representative" that will pool delegated voting units from different accounts and can then use it to vote in
* decisions. In fact, voting units _must_ be delegated in order to count as actual votes, and an account has to
* delegate those votes to itself if it wishes to participate in decisions and does not have a trusted representative.
*
* This contract is often combined with a token contract such that voting units correspond to token units. For an
* example, see {ERC721Votes}.
*
* The full history of delegate votes is tracked on-chain so that governance protocols can consider votes as distributed
* at a particular block number to protect against flash loans and double voting. The opt-in delegate system makes the
* cost of this history tracking optional.
*
* When using this module the derived contract must implement {_getVotingUnits} (for example, make it return
* {ERC721-balanceOf}), and can use {_transferVotingUnits} to track a change in the distribution of those units (in the
* previous example, it would be included in {ERC721-_update}).
*/
abstract contract Votes is Context, EIP712, Nonces, IERC5805 {
using Checkpoints for Checkpoints.Trace208;
bytes32 private constant DELEGATION_TYPEHASH =
keccak256("Delegation(address delegatee,uint256 nonce,uint256 expiry)");
mapping(address account => address) private _delegatee;
mapping(address delegatee => Checkpoints.Trace208) private _delegateCheckpoints;
Checkpoints.Trace208 private _totalCheckpoints;
/**
* @dev The clock was incorrectly modified.
*/
error ERC6372InconsistentClock();
/**
* @dev Lookup to future votes is not available.
*/
error ERC5805FutureLookup(uint256 timepoint, uint48 clock);
/**
* @dev Clock used for flagging checkpoints. Can be overridden to implement timestamp based
* checkpoints (and voting), in which case {CLOCK_MODE} should be overridden as well to match.
*/
function clock() public view virtual returns (uint48) {
return Time.blockNumber();
}
/**
* @dev Machine-readable description of the clock as specified in ERC-6372.
*/
// solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
function CLOCK_MODE() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
// Check that the clock was not modified
if (clock() != Time.blockNumber()) {
revert ERC6372InconsistentClock();
}
return "mode=blocknumber&from=default";
}
/**
* @dev Returns the current amount of votes that `account` has.
*/
function getVotes(address account) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
return _delegateCheckpoints[account].latest();
}
/**
* @dev Returns the amount of votes that `account` had at a specific moment in the past. If the `clock()` is
* configured to use block numbers, this will return the value at the end of the corresponding block.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `timepoint` must be in the past. If operating using block numbers, the block must be already mined.
*/
function getPastVotes(address account, uint256 timepoint) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
uint48 currentTimepoint = clock();
if (timepoint >= currentTimepoint) {
revert ERC5805FutureLookup(timepoint, currentTimepoint);
}
return _delegateCheckpoints[account].upperLookupRecent(SafeCast.toUint48(timepoint));
}
/**
* @dev Returns the total supply of votes available at a specific moment in the past. If the `clock()` is
* configured to use block numbers, this will return the value at the end of the corresponding block.
*
* NOTE: This value is the sum of all available votes, which is not necessarily the sum of all delegated votes.
* Votes that have not been delegated are still part of total supply, even though they would not participate in a
* vote.
*
* Requirements:
*
* - `timepoint` must be in the past. If operating using block numbers, the block must be already mined.
*/
function getPastTotalSupply(uint256 timepoint) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
uint48 currentTimepoint = clock();
if (timepoint >= currentTimepoint) {
revert ERC5805FutureLookup(timepoint, currentTimepoint);
}
return _totalCheckpoints.upperLookupRecent(SafeCast.toUint48(timepoint));
}
/**
* @dev Returns the current total supply of votes.
*/
function _getTotalSupply() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
return _totalCheckpoints.latest();
}
/**
* @dev Returns the delegate that `account` has chosen.
*/
function delegates(address account) public view virtual returns (address) {
return _delegatee[account];
}
/**
* @dev Delegates votes from the sender to `delegatee`.
*/
function delegate(address delegatee) public virtual {
address account = _msgSender();
_delegate(account, delegatee);
}
/**
* @dev Delegates votes from signer to `delegatee`.
*/
function delegateBySig(
address delegatee,
uint256 nonce,
uint256 expiry,
uint8 v,
bytes32 r,
bytes32 s
) public virtual {
if (block.timestamp > expiry) {
revert VotesExpiredSignature(expiry);
}
address signer = ECDSA.recover(
_hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(DELEGATION_TYPEHASH, delegatee, nonce, expiry))),
v,
r,
s
);
_useCheckedNonce(signer, nonce);
_delegate(signer, delegatee);
}
/**
* @dev Delegate all of `account`'s voting units to `delegatee`.
*
* Emits events {IVotes-DelegateChanged} and {IVotes-DelegateVotesChanged}.
*/
function _delegate(address account, address delegatee) internal virtual {
address oldDelegate = delegates(account);
_delegatee[account] = delegatee;
emit DelegateChanged(account, oldDelegate, delegatee);
_moveDelegateVotes(oldDelegate, delegatee, _getVotingUnits(account));
}
/**
* @dev Transfers, mints, or burns voting units. To register a mint, `from` should be zero. To register a burn, `to`
* should be zero. Total supply of voting units will be adjusted with mints and burns.
*/
function _transferVotingUnits(address from, address to, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
if (from == address(0)) {
_push(_totalCheckpoints, _add, SafeCast.toUint208(amount));
}
if (to == address(0)) {
_push(_totalCheckpoints, _subtract, SafeCast.toUint208(amount));
}
_moveDelegateVotes(delegates(from), delegates(to), amount);
}
/**
* @dev Moves delegated votes from one delegate to another.
*/
function _moveDelegateVotes(address from, address to, uint256 amount) private {
if (from != to && amount > 0) {
if (from != address(0)) {
(uint256 oldValue, uint256 newValue) = _push(
_delegateCheckpoints[from],
_subtract,
SafeCast.toUint208(amount)
);
emit DelegateVotesChanged(from, oldValue, newValue);
}
if (to != address(0)) {
(uint256 oldValue, uint256 newValue) = _push(
_delegateCheckpoints[to],
_add,
SafeCast.toUint208(amount)
);
emit DelegateVotesChanged(to, oldValue, newValue);
}
}
}
/**
* @dev Get number of checkpoints for `account`.
*/
function _numCheckpoints(address account) internal view virtual returns (uint32) {
return SafeCast.toUint32(_delegateCheckpoints[account].length());
}
/**
* @dev Get the `pos`-th checkpoint for `account`.
*/
function _checkpoints(
address account,
uint32 pos
) internal view virtual returns (Checkpoints.Checkpoint208 memory) {
return _delegateCheckpoints[account].at(pos);
}
function _push(
Checkpoints.Trace208 storage store,
function(uint208, uint208) view returns (uint208) op,
uint208 delta
) private returns (uint208, uint208) {
return store.push(clock(), op(store.latest(), delta));
}
function _add(uint208 a, uint208 b) private pure returns (uint208) {
return a + b;
}
function _subtract(uint208 a, uint208 b) private pure returns (uint208) {
return a - b;
}
/**
* @dev Must return the voting units held by an account.
*/
function _getVotingUnits(address) internal view virtual returns (uint256);
}